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<a class="brand" href="../index.html"><span class="dot"></span> Balinyaar docs</a>
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<p class="tagline">Trust-first home-nursing marketplace · Iran</p>
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<nav><div class="group"><div class="label">Start here</div><ul><li><a href="../index.html">Docs home</a></li><li><a href="../overview/platform-summary.html">Platform summary & ground truths</a></li></ul></div><div class="group"><div class="label">Business requirements</div><ul><li><a href="../business/index.html">Overview & MVP scope</a></li><li><a href="../business/01-actors-and-onboarding.html">1. Actors & onboarding</a></li><li><a href="../business/02-nurse-verification.html">2. Nurse verification</a></li><li><a href="../business/03-service-catalog-and-pricing.html">3. Service catalog & pricing</a></li><li><a href="../business/04-search-and-matching.html">4. Search & matching</a></li><li><a href="../business/05-booking-and-scheduling.html">5. Booking & scheduling</a></li><li><a href="../business/06-evv-and-service-delivery.html">6. EVV / service delivery</a></li><li><a href="../business/07-cancellation-and-refunds.html">7. Cancellation & refunds</a></li><li><a href="../business/08-payments-and-escrow.html">8. Payments & escrow</a></li><li><a href="../business/09-installments-bnpl.html">9. Installments / BNPL</a></li><li><a href="../business/10-payouts.html">10. Payouts to nurses</a></li><li><a href="../business/11-reviews-trust-and-safety.html">11. Reviews, trust & safety</a></li><li><a href="../business/12-messaging-and-emergencies.html">12. Messaging & emergencies</a></li><li><a href="../business/13-tax-invoicing-and-legal.html">13. Tax, invoicing & legal</a></li><li><a href="../business/14-notifications-and-admin.html">14. Notifications & admin</a></li></ul></div><div class="group"><div class="label">Database model</div><ul><li><a href="../data-model/index.html">Overview & decisions</a></li><li><a href="../data-model/diagrams.html">Diagrams</a></li><li><a href="../data-model/01-identity-and-access.html">1. Identity & access</a></li><li><a href="../data-model/02-geography.html">2. Geography</a></li><li><a href="../data-model/03-services-and-pricing.html">3. Services & pricing</a></li><li><a href="../data-model/04-verification-and-credentials.html">4. Verification & credentials</a></li><li><a href="../data-model/05-booking-and-scheduling.html">5. Booking & scheduling</a></li><li><a href="../data-model/06-payments-ledger-and-refunds.html">6. Payments, ledger & refunds</a></li><li><a href="../data-model/07-payouts.html">7. Payouts</a></li><li><a href="../data-model/08-bnpl.html">8. BNPL / installments</a></li><li><a href="../data-model/09-messaging.html">9. Messaging</a></li><li><a href="../data-model/10-reviews-and-records.html">10. Reviews & records</a></li><li><a href="../data-model/11-notifications.html">11. Notifications</a></li><li><a href="../data-model/12-audit-config-and-reference.html">12. Audit, config & reference</a></li><li><a href="../data-model/13-partner-centers-and-future.html">13. Partner centers & future</a></li></ul></div><div class="group"><div class="label">Payments deep-dive</div><ul><li><a class="active" href="index.html">Overview & exec summary</a></li><li><a href="iranian-payment-reality.html">Iranian payment reality</a></li><li><a href="escrow-ledger.html">Escrow as a ledger</a></li><li><a href="bnpl-landscape.html">BNPL landscape & finding</a></li><li><a href="cancellation-and-payout.html">Cancellation & nurse payout</a></li><li><a href="integration-notes.html">Integration & schema touchpoints</a></li><li><a href="sources.html">Recommendations & sources</a></li></ul></div><div class="group"><div class="label">Research & strategy</div><ul><li><a href="../research/index.html">Overview & exec summary</a></li><li><a href="../research/market-and-competitors.html">Market & competitors</a></li><li><a href="../research/problems-and-risks.html">Problems & risks</a></li><li><a href="../research/verification.html">Verification (research)</a></li><li><a href="../research/legal-landscape.html">Legal landscape</a></li><li><a href="../research/go-to-market.html">Go-to-market & sources</a></li></ul></div><div class="group"><div class="label">Notes & more</div><ul><li><a href="../notes/open-questions.html">Open questions</a></li><li><a href="../notes/future-ideas.html">Future ideas</a></li><li><a href="../wireframes/index.html">Wireframes</a></li><li><a href="../fa/index.html">Farsi documents</a></li></ul></div></nav>
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<h1 id="payments-escrow-settlement-installments-bnpl">Payments, Escrow, Settlement & Installments (BNPL)</h1>
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<blockquote><p><strong>Purpose.</strong> This is the fintech deep-dive for Balinyaar, an MVP home-nursing marketplace in Iran. It pins down how the platform collects money from families, holds an <em>internal escrow ledger state</em> (not custodied cash), pays nurses weekly minus commission, and integrates Iranian Buy-Now-Pay-Later (خرید اقساطی / BNPL). It answers the two questions the team cares most about — how a BNPL booking is cancelled/refunded mid-plan, and who pays the nurse (and when) under BNPL — and it grounds every decision in verified research, separating <strong>VERIFIED</strong> facts from <strong>CONFIGURABLE / UNCERTAIN</strong> items that must be confirmed at contracting. All money is <strong>IRR (Rials), stored as <code>BIGINT</code></strong>; Toman is display-only and converted only at the provider API boundary.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p><strong>Date:</strong> 2026-06-20</p>
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<hr>
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<h2 id="1-executive-summary">1. Executive summary <a class="anchor" href="#1-executive-summary" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Balinyaar legally CANNOT custody buyer funds.</strong> In Iran money always flows card → licensed PSP → Shaparak settlement → bank-registered IBANs. A پرداختیار (payment facilitator — the license class an MVP rides on) is explicitly <strong>barred from holding deposits, running wallets, paying interest, or moving money between merchants</strong>. "Platform holds escrow" must therefore be implemented as an <strong>internal double-entry ledger state</strong> over funds custodied at a licensed provider — never as cash in a Balinyaar bank account. <em>(VERIFIED — multiple independent sources + CBI/Shaparak directives.)</em></li>
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<li><strong>The compliant marketplace primitive is تسهیم (settlement-sharing):</strong> one incoming card payment is split by the provider/Shaparak across multiple registered IBANs (the nurse's share, the platform's commission) and deposited directly — the platform never touches the split. Shaparak has separately <strong>banned inter-merchant / inter-facilitator transfers and wallet-style holding</strong>, which makes a "delay-then-redistribute" pool legally grey-to-prohibited. <em>(VERIFIED.)</em></li>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>The decisive BNPL finding: full-upfront settlement.</strong> Provider-financed Iranian BNPLs (SnappPay, Digipay, Tara, Torob Pay, ZarinPlus) pay the <strong>merchant the FULL amount in ONE lump, minus a merchant commission, and bear 100% of customer-default risk.</strong> The customer's installments are owned entirely by the provider and are <strong>decoupled</strong> from Balinyaar's escrow/EVV/payout cycle. <em>(VERIFIED for SnappPay and Torob Pay from credible sources; consistent for Digipay and Tara.)</em></li>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Consequence — a BNPL order = a card payment landing net-of-fee.</strong> Therefore Balinyaar <strong>does NOT track customer installments</strong> (no <code>installment_entries</code>, no per-installment webhooks, no default propagation). This deletes an entire fragile subsystem.</li>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>But settlement TIMING is not instant.</strong> The "full amount" is true in <em>amount</em>, not <em>timing</em>: cadence is contract-defined (daily / T+1–3 / weekly / 15-day), and at least one authoritative SnappPay source gates settlement on the customer's <strong>first installment</strong> (پس از واریز اولین قسط). Model a per-transaction <code>settled_at</code>; never assume instant. <em>(VERIFIED correction to the original research.)</em></li>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Under BNPL the nurse is paid by Balinyaar, on Balinyaar's own weekly schedule, exactly as for a card booking</strong> — after EVV check-out and the dispute window. The nurse's payout is computed from <code>gross_price_irr − balinyaar_commission_irr</code>, <strong>NOT</strong> from the BNPL-net amount. The BNPL commission is a <strong>platform expense</strong> that must never touch the nurse's payout.</li>
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<li><strong>Avoid Lendo for the MVP.</strong> It is bank-financed (Bank Ayandeh): the <strong>customer</strong> pays ~18–23% interest plus a ~5% (often non-refundable) service fee over 6–12 months — a POS loan, a poor fit for short, cancellable nursing visits.</li>
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<li><strong>Two corrections the research forced:</strong> VAT in Iran is <strong>10%</strong> (rose from 9% in 1403, = govt 7% + municipal 3%), not 9% — and make it configurable since it has moved two years running (see <a href="../research/legal-landscape.html">legal landscape</a>). And the Digipay "24h-pay / collect-in-5–25-days-from-business" sentence describes the <strong>early-settlement/factoring</strong> product, <strong>not</strong> BNPL — right conclusion, wrong evidence; the correct first-party BNPL source is <code>mydigipay.com/bpg/</code>.</li>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Provider continuity is a real risk.</strong> In <strong>Nov 2024 the CBI abruptly cut Toman and Jibit's settlement/withdrawal services</strong> with no stated cause, stranding businesses (including millions of Snapp drivers). Design for multi-provider failover and a reconciliation ledger that survives a provider being cut mid-cycle.</li>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Recommendation:</strong> integrate <strong>SnappPay first</strong>, <strong>Digipay second</strong>, <strong>avoid Lendo</strong>. Onboarding the Balinyaar entity needs <strong>both جواز کسب AND eNamad (اینماد)</strong> (see <a href="../research/legal-landscape.html">legal landscape</a>). Whether a multi-vendor marketplace re-disbursing to many independent nurses qualifies as a single merchant is <strong>publicly UNCONFIRMED</strong> — confirm with provider sales before relying on it.</li>
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<hr>
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<h2 id="sub-pages">Sub-pages <a class="anchor" href="#sub-pages" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="iranian-payment-reality.html">The Iranian payment reality</a> — the card → PSP → Shaparak → IBAN rails, the پرداختیار custody prohibition, تسهیم settlement-sharing, banned held pools, provider cut-off risk, and VAT/مودیان.</li>
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<li><a href="escrow-ledger.html">Escrow as an internal ledger</a> — why escrow is a double-entry ledger state, the <code>ledger_entries</code> account types, and all the balanced posting blocks.</li>
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<li><a href="bnpl-landscape.html">BNPL Landscape & the Full-Upfront Finding</a> — the six-provider comparison table and the decisive full-upfront settlement finding plus its verified caveats.</li>
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<li><a href="cancellation-and-payout.html">BNPL Cancellation, Refund & Nurse Payout (Q1 & Q2)</a> — how a BNPL booking is unwound mid-plan, and who pays the nurse (and when) including the three-amount split and a worked example.</li>
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<li><a href="integration-notes.html">Integration Notes & Schema Touchpoints</a> — SnappPay and Digipay endpoints, cross-cutting integration rules, and the final table/field names.</li>
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<li><a href="sources.html">Recommendations, Open Questions & Sources</a> — contracting recommendations, the open-questions checklist, the full source list, and the confidence legend.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>See also: the <a href="../data-model/index.html">data model</a> and the <a href="../research/index.html">market research</a>.</p>
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